INTRODUCTION:

Thevetia peruviana is a small ornamental shrub belonging to the family Apocynaceae. It is commonly known as ‘Pili Karen’s or Yellow Oleander because of its yellow flowers and is found throughout India.^[1]

It is commonly known as Kaner, lucky nut, yellow oleander and milk bush. It is an evergreen shrub and it is widely found in the forest of tropical America and sub-tropical regions of the world. ^[2]

There are two varieties of the plant, one with yellow flowers, yellow oleander and the other with purple flowers, nerium oleander. Both varieties of flower and fruit provide a steady supply of seeds all round the year. Depending on the rainfall pattern and plant age, they can produce 400-800 fruits per annum when grown in hedges. The fruits are globular, usually green in color but become black on ripening. When divided longitudinally and transversely, each fruit contains a nut and can have one to four seeds in its kernel. These plants bears milky juice in all organs, and because of the presence of cardiac glycosides such as nerrifolin and peruvoside, they become toxic. ^[3]

The fruit contains a milky sap containing a compound - thevetin that is used as a heart stimulant. All parts of the plants and especially the seeds are extremely poisonous in its natural form.

Thevetia peruviana is a large flowering shrub and it tolerates most of the soil and is drought tolerant. If desired can be grown as shrub or tree outside in warmer conditions that will tolerate most kinds of soil as long as they are well drained they are kept in full sun in a sheltered area. In warmer climates it is useful, as it serves as a landscaping plant and does not requires much maintenance.^[4]

Cultivation and Distribution

Thevetia peruviana is cultivated as an ornamental plant and is generally planted as large flowering shrub or small ornamental tree standard in garden and park in temperate climates. T. peruviana has been grown for over many decades as an ornamental plant in temple, homes, schools, gardens, churches and road sides by missionaries and explorers. T. peruviana is frequently grown in throughout the tropical and sub-tropical regions of the world but is probably native to Central and South America. ^[5]

Macroscopic Character:

Leaves:

Leaves of T. peruviana are simple, linear lanceolate, 13-15cm X 1-2cm, glaucous, glabrous, having subacute apex, short petioleand entire margin with few notches. The upper surface is dark green and the lower surface is light green in color. ^[6-7]

Table 1: As leaves morphological properties

S. No.	Parameter	Leaves Observation
1	Colour	Dark green, light green
2.	Odour	Characteristic, pleasant smell
3.	Taste	Bitter
4.	Shape	Linear
5.	Size	13-15 X 2-3 cm

Flowers:

The flowers of T. peruviana are usually narrow funnel shaped structure, petals spirally twisted with dark green sepals generally 5-7 X 2-3 cm in size, and changes from yellowish green to dark yellow color with pleasant smell, sweetish taste, and soft smooth touch.^[6-7]

Fig 1

Fig 2

Microscopy of Leaves of Thevetia peruviana:

Leaves : Transverse section of T. peruviana leaf showed the presence of single layered epidermis cell composed and arranged in compacted tabular cells. The spongy parenchyma is wider because of the presence of single-layered palisade present in the lamina. The mid-rib shows the presence of upper and lower collenchymas and bicollateral vascular bundles in the stele. Trichomes are rare in the leaves of T. peruviana Rosette crystals were observed as scattered in the lamina and ground tissue.^[6-7]

Flowers:

The flower shows all the typical characteristics of flower in the microscopic studies. The petal shows the presence of upper and lower epidermis, centrally vascular bundles as phloem surrounds with the xylem and cortex whereas the sepal shows the presence of parenchyma, trichome with upper and lower epidermis The cross section of ovary shows the presence of trichomes, vein trace, locule, ovule and placenta. ^[6-7]

Chemical Constituent:

Thevetia karnels mainly contains Cardioactive glycosides, Thevetin A, Thevetin B (cerebroside) Peruvosides, Nerrifolin Thevenenin peruvosidic acid etc. ^[8]

Thevetin A

Thevetin B

Pharmacological action of Thevetia peruviana

S.N.	PLANT PART	SOLVENT SYSTEM	PHARMACOLOGICAL ACTIVITY	REFERENCES	REFERENCES NO.
1.	Seeds	Methanol	Antifungal and anti bacterial	Radheykant Sharma et.al, 2012	9
2.	Leaves	Methanol	Thevetia peruviana the methanolic extract maximum antioxidant activity	Zibbu et. al, 2012	10
3.	Leaves	Methanol	Antibacterial activity against investigated human pathogen	Britto et.al, 2011	11
4.	Leaves	Methanol	The larvicidal efficacy of methanol extract tested against the chickungunya vector Aedes aegypti.	V. satish et. al, 2015	12
5.	Leaves	Methanol	In vitro antioxidant potential of methanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana	Adedokun oluwasegun et. al, 2015	13
6.	Barks	Methanol	The study investigated the cytotoxic and anthelmintic effect of methanol extract of bark Thevetia peruviana	M d.Mizanur Rahman moghal et. al, 2013	14
7.	Leaves, fruits	Ethanol, chloroform	Investigated of antibacterial property bactericidal	N. rahman et. al, 2014	15
8.	Stem bark	Methanol	As antispermatogenic activity	Neelam rajbhar et. al,2014	16
9.	Leaf bark	Aetone	As piscicidal activity	Neelam rajbhar et. al,2014	16
10.	Leaves	Ethanol	Investigated the antidiarrheal, antimicrobialand cytotoxic effect of ethanolic extract of Thevetia peruviana	M.M. et.al, 2011	17
11.	Leaf	Petroleum ether, methanol	Isolation and purification of antidermatophytic inter polar compound	Shiv kumar et. al, 2014	18
12.	Seeds	Methanol	Investigated of chemical constituent of extract of Thevetia peruviana using GC-MC and FT-IR	R.S.A. et.al, 2012	19
13.	Leaf	Ethanol	Antioxidant and Anti-Lipidemic Activities	Omodamiro, O.D et al., 2010	20
14.	Seed	Methanol	These results suggest that crude extracts from T. peruviana seeds are antifungal activity.	Z. Ambang, et. al,2010	21
15.	Leaf	Ethanol	The present investigations have exploration of above extracts for their antibacterial activities.	N. Rahman et al. (2014)	15
16.	Flower	Alcohol	Anti inflammatory	R. Thilagavathi et. al, 2010	22
17	Fruit	Petroleum ether	Antifertility	Vandana Deshmukh et. al, 2015	23

HPLC, TLC and HPTLC Profile

S.N.

PARTS OF PLANT

EXTRACT

SOLVENT SYSTEM

METHOD

REFERENCE

REFERENCES NO.

Leaves

Alcohol, methanol

4:1Chl:MeOH,and1:1 Pet: Dcm.

HPLC

Save A. et. al, 2015

Seed

4-6 chloroform fractions: 7-9 ethyl acetate fraction

HPTLC

Nesy E A. et. al, 2015

CONCLUSION:

Thevetia peruviana is cultivated as a small ornamental plant, India and Central America, Africa etc. It contains a large number of phytoconstituents. This paper reports the uses of various parts of the plant in human being as antibacterial, inflammation, antifungal, cytotoxicity,.

REFERENCES:

1. Pandya D, Doshi SJ, Parmar RH. Comparative pharmacognostic study and establishment of quality parameters of leaves of two species of Karen: Thevetia peruviana and Nerium indicum. International Journal of Biomedical Research. 2013 Jan 1;3(12):444-7.

2. U. A. Essiett and I. S. Udofa. Chemical profiles of leaf, stem and flower of Thevetia peruviana (pers.) k. schum. European Journal Of Biomedical And Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2014;1(3):35:44.

3. Usman LA, Oluwaniyi OO, Ibiyemi SA, Muhammad NO, Ameen OM. The potential of Oleander (Thevetia peruviana) in African agricultural and industrial development: a case study of Nigeria. Journal of Applied Biosciences. 2009;24:1477-87.

4. Zibbu G, Batra A. Effect of adeninesulphate on organogenesis via leaf culture in an ornamental plant: Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) Schum. International Journal of Pharma and Bio Sciences. 2010;1(2).

5. Singh K, Agrawal KK, Mishra V, Uddin SM, Shukla A. A review on: Thevetia peruviana. Int Res J Pharm. 2012;3:74-77.

6. Deshmukh AS. Pharmacognostic And Preliminary Physiochemical Investigations of Plant Thevetia peruviana Leaves And Flowers. 2014;1(10): 650-653.

7. Pragati K, Pankaj K, Jasmin G, Prabodh S, Rakesh P. Pharmacognostic and Preliminary Physiochemical Investigations of Thevetia peruviana (Pers.) K. Schum Flowers. International Journal of Research in Pharmacy and Science. 2012 Jan 1;2(1).

8. Kumar priya, Chandra Dipika. Standardization on Thevetia neriifolia. Research and Reviews: Journal of Botanical Sciences 2015 Jan 4(:1)4:16.

9. Sharma Radheykant , Sharma Priyanka and Singh Vipin Kumar. Antimicrobial properties of Thevetia peruviana. Rasayan J. Chem.2012 Oct 5:4;503:5.

10. Zibbu G, batra A. In vitro and in vivo determination of phenolic Zibbu G, Batra A. In vitro and in vivo determination of phenolic contents and antioxidant activity of desert plants of apocynaceae family. Asian J Pharm Clin Res. 2012;5(1):75-83.

11. Britto JD, Sebastian SR, Sujin M. Phytochemical and antibacterial screening of seven Apocynaceae species against human pathogens. Int J Pharm Pharm Sci. 2011;3(5):278-81.

12. Sathish V, Umavathi S, Thangam Y, Mathivanan R. Analysis of phytochemical components and larvicidal activity of Thevetia peruviana (Pers) Merr, against the chickungunya vector Aedes aegypti (L). Int. J. Curr. Microbiol. App. Sci. 2015;4(1):33-9.

13. Oluwasegun A, Nasiru A, John E. In vitro antioxidant potential of methanol extracts of Allamanda schottii Pohl and Thevetia peruviana (pers.) K.(Apocyanaceae). Asian Journal of Plant Science and Research. 2015;5(1):10-3.

14. Moghal MM, Rahaman MS, Ahamed SK, Dewan SM, Haque MM, Amin MN, Uddin SN. Evaluation of Cytotoxic and Anthelmintic Activities of The Methanolic Extract of Thevetia peruviana. 2013;5(2):92-95.

15. Rahman N, Mahmood R, Rahman H, Haris M. Spectrophotometric Screening of Potent Bactericidal Property of Thevetia Peruviana Schum. Leaf and Fruit Rind Extracts on Clinical and Plant Pathogens. International Journal of Applied Sciences and Biotechnology. 2014 Dec 25;2(4):451-9.

16. Rajbhar N, Kumar A. Pharmacological importance of thevetia peruviana. Int J Pharma Chem Sci. 2014;3(1):260-3.

17. Hassan MM, Saha AK, Khan SA, Islam A, Mahabub-Uz-Zaman M, Ahmed SS. Studies on the antidiarrhoeal, antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities of ethanol-extracted leaves of yellow oleander (Thevetia peruviana). Open veterinary journal. 2016;1(1):28-31.

18. Singh S, Vidyasagar GM. In-vitro antidermatophytic and preliminary phytochemical studies of petroleum ether and Inter-polar methanolic leaf extracts of Thevetia nerrifolia. Journal of Applied Pharmaceutical Science. 2014 Mar 1;4(3):81.

19. R.S.A. Sangodare, A.S. Agbaji, M.A. Dakare, Y.O. Usman, A. Magomya, E.D. Paul, A.S. Ibraheem, N.A. Etim, A. Ibrahim, O. Aribido, O. Shikeola. Investigation of the Chemical Constituent of Extracts of Thevetia peruviana Seed Using GC-MS and FT-IR. International Journal of Food Nutrition and Safety, 2012, 2(1): 27-36.

20. Omodamiro, O.D Jimoh, M.A, Edeoga, O.H. Antioxidant and Anti-Lipidemic Activities of Ethanol Leaf Extract of Thevetia neriifolia (Yellow Oleander).IJPPR. 2010 Oct 3:4:(3):20-29.

21. Ambang Z, Bekolo N, Petga E, Dooh JN, Asanga A. Effect of crude extracts of Thevetia peruviana seeds on development of leaf spot disease of groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) caused by Cercospora sp. African Crop Science. In African Crop Science Conference Proceedings, ACSS 2007 Oct 27 (Vol. 8, pp. 797-800).

22. Thilagavathi R, Kavitha HP, Venkatraman BR. Isolation, Characterization and anti-inflammatory property of thevetia Peruviana. Journal of Chemistry. 2010;7(4):1584-90.

23. Zade VS. Antifertility Effect of the Aqueous Alcoholic and Petroleum Ether Extract of Cascabella thevetia L Fruit in Female Albino Rats. International Journal of Pharmaceutical and Biological Archive. 2015 Jan 28;5(4).

24. Save SA, Padmanabhan U, Kothari ST, Lokhande RS, Chowdhary AS. Chemical and pharmacological study of the twigs of Thevetia peruviana plant and its bio-activity profiles. International Journal of Research in Engineering and Applied Sciences. 2015;5(6):123-38.

25. Nesy EA, Mathew L. HPTLC Profiling On Cardiac Glycosides Of Thevetia peruviana Leaf Extracts Of Three Morphovariant Plants Grown In Kerala, India. International Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences. 2015 Apr 21;7(6):191-195.

Received on 17.01.2017 Modified on 05.02.2017

Res. J. Pharmacology & Pharmacodynamics.2017; 9(2): 93-96.

DOI: 10.5958/2321-5836.2017.00016.7